Cryptocurrency is no longer the “Wild West.” In the United States, the IRS now treats digital assets—including Bitcoin, Ethereum, NFTs, stablecoins, DeFi tokens, staking rewards, yield farming profits, and even AI-generated NFT income—as taxable property.

Whether you’re a casual investor or an active trader, you must report your crypto activity each year. And with the IRS using blockchain analytics tools like Chainalysis, TRM Labs, and Coinbase reporting, failing to report even small transactions can trigger penalties.

This guide gives you the ultimate crypto tax checklist for U.S. investors—what you must report, how to report it, and the best tools to make compliance easy.


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Why You Need a Crypto Tax Checklist

Crypto taxes can get complicated fast:

  • Do you owe taxes when you swap tokens?

  • Is staking income taxable?

  • What about NFT royalties or AI-generated art earnings?

  • Do gas fees reduce taxes?

  • Do you report losses even if you didn’t cash out?

A clear checklist helps you stay compliant, avoid audits, and keep more of your money.


Your Complete Crypto Tax Checklist for the USA

Below is a breakdown of every crypto-related activity the IRS expects you to report—and how to report it correctly.


✔️ 1. Report All Crypto Sales

Any time you sell crypto for USD, it’s a taxable event.

Examples that must be reported:

  • Selling BTC for U.S. dollars

  • Cashing out ETH to your bank

  • Selling part of a long-term investment

What you report:

  • Cost basis (what you originally paid)

  • Sale date and price

  • Gain or loss

Forms you use:

  • Form 8949

  • Schedule D


✔️ 2. Report Crypto-to-Crypto Trades

Many newbies think swapping crypto isn’t taxable.

It is.

Even trading ETH → SOL, or BTC → USDT, is considered a disposal.

IRS rule: Every swap is treated as if you sold the first coin and bought the second.

You must report:

  • USD value of the sold coin at the time of the swap

  • USD value of the coin you received

  • Gain or loss

Not reporting swaps is one of the top triggers for IRS audits.


✔️ 3. Report Spending Crypto on Goods or Services

If you pay for anything with crypto, it counts as a taxable event.

Examples:

  • Paying for a product with Bitcoin

  • Paying freelancers in stablecoins

  • Buying NFTs using ETH

  • Using crypto debit cards

Each purchase creates a capital gain or loss.


✔️ 4. Report Crypto Income (Staking, Mining, Airdrops)

Crypto income is taxed differently from capital gains.
It’s treated as ordinary income—like wages.

You must report income from:

  • Staking rewards (e.g., on Coinbase, Lido, Rocket Pool)

  • Mining income

  • Airdrops

  • Hard forks

  • Liquidity pool rewards

  • Yield farming earnings

  • Node income (e.g., running a validator)

Form you use:

  • Schedule 1 (for hobby/individual)

  • Schedule C (if operating as a business)

The income amount is the fair market value at the time you receive it.


✔️ 5. Report NFT Sales, Trades & Royalties

NFTs have their own tax rules.

You must report:

  • Selling NFTs for crypto

  • Trading NFTs

  • Minting NFTs and selling them

  • Receiving royalties from platforms like OpenSea

  • Paying gas fees (these can reduce your taxes)

NFT creators must report ordinary income, not capital gains.

NFT traders report capital gains and losses.


✔️ 6. Report AI-Generated NFT Income

If you use tools like:

  • Midjourney

  • DALL•E

  • Stable Diffusion

  • LimeWire AI Studio

  • Leonardo.ai

  • Adobe Firefly

…and you sell the generated artwork as NFTs, you must report the income.

Creators report:

  • Royalties

  • Primary sales

  • Commercial licensing fees

These fall under ordinary self-employment income (Schedule C).


✔️ 7. Report DeFi Activity (It’s Taxable!)

DeFi confuses many beginners, but the IRS is clear:
Most DeFi transactions are taxable.

You must report income from:

  • Lending on Aave/Compound

  • Borrowing (if collateral is liquidated)

  • Yield farming

  • Liquidity pool rewards

  • Token interest

  • Governance token incentives

Even if you never withdraw to fiat, it's still taxable.


✔️ 8. Report Crypto Gifts or Donations

Crypto gifts and donations have special rules:

Gifts

  • You do not pay tax when gifting

  • Recipient pays when they sell

  • Must file a gift tax return if gift > $18,000 (2025 threshold)

Donations

Donating crypto to a qualified charity is tax-deductible.


✔️ 9. Report Lost or Stolen Crypto (Sometimes)

You cannot deduct lost/stolen crypto as a capital loss under current IRS rules.

BUT you can deduct:

  • Business theft (Schedule C)

  • Custodial exchange collapse losses (in some cases)

  • Fees from bankrupt platforms (case-by-case)


✔️ 10. Report Crypto Earned as Salary or Business Income

If you are paid in crypto:

  • For a job

  • Freelancing

  • Web3 development

  • NFT market services

  • Consulting

  • Affiliate commissions

…it is all taxable as income at the fair market value at the time you receive it.

If you're self-employed, you also owe:

  • Self-employment tax

  • Income tax

  • Possibly quarterly estimated taxes


How to Report Crypto Taxes Step-by-Step (Beginner Cheat Sheet)

Here’s a simple roadmap to reporting your U.S. crypto taxes correctly.


Step 1: Collect All Your Wallet and Exchange Data

You need exports from:

  • Coinbase

  • Binance US

  • Kraken

  • KuCoin

  • Crypto.com

  • Metamask

  • Ledger/Trezor

  • DeFi platforms

  • NFT marketplaces (OpenSea, Blur, Magic Eden)

Don’t skip anything—missing transactions cause inaccurate gains.


Step 2: Use Crypto Tax Software

For 99% of people, manual reporting is overwhelming.

Use tools like:

  • Koinly

  • CoinTracker

  • TokenTax

  • ZenLedger

  • Accointing

These tools auto-sync your wallet and generate IRS-ready reports.


Step 3: Review Capital Gains & Income Summaries

Your tax report will show:

  • Short-term gains (taxed at higher rates)

  • Long-term gains (lower tax rates)

  • Ordinary income

  • Losses

Verify the numbers before filing.


Step 4: File the Correct IRS Forms

Most crypto users need:

  • Form 8949

  • Schedule D

  • Schedule 1 (income)

  • Schedule C (business income)

  • 1040 (main tax return)

Make sure everything matches your totals.


Step 5: Keep Records in Case of an Audit

Keep:

  • Wallet addresses

  • Exchange receipts

  • Trade history

  • NFT transaction logs

  • CSV reports

  • Gas fee receipts

The IRS may ask for documentation up to 7 years later.


Common Crypto Tax Mistakes to Avoid

Avoid these costly errors:

❌ Not reporting crypto-to-crypto swaps

❌ Ignoring staking or DeFi income

❌ Forgetting NFTs and royalties

❌ Not calculating cost basis correctly

❌ Thinking off-exchange wallets aren’t traceable

❌ Missing transactions from bankrupt exchanges

❌ Not using tax software

These mistakes create IRS red flags.


Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Do I have to report crypto even if I didn’t cash out?

Yes. Trades, swaps, and spending trigger taxable events.


Do I owe taxes on crypto I only moved between wallets?

No. Wallet transfers are not taxable.


Are NFT mints taxable?

The mint itself isn’t taxable, but the gas fees affect cost basis.


Is staking or airdrop income taxable?

Yes—ordinary income the moment you receive it.


Will the IRS know if I don’t report?

Yes. Exchanges send data directly to the IRS.


Final Thoughts: Stay Compliant and Keep More of Your Crypto

Crypto taxes don’t have to be overwhelming. By using this checklist, you can stay fully compliant, reduce your tax burden, and avoid costly mistakes.

To summarize, always report:

  • All sales

  • All swaps

  • All income

  • All NFT activity

  • All DeFi earnings



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About the Author: Alex Assoune


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