The Spanish Inquisition is often remembered as a campaign against heretics, Jews, and Muslims. Less discussed—but equally revealing—is its quiet war against mystics: men and women whose direct experiences of God threatened institutional control.

Mystics did not deny Christianity. Many were deeply devout. Yet their emphasis on personal revelation, inner illumination, and direct communion with the divine placed them under suspicion. In a system built on obedience and hierarchy, spiritual independence was dangerous.

This article explores how the Spanish Inquisition came to police mystical experience—and why inner spirituality became a target of fear.


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What Was the Spanish Inquisition?

The Spanish Inquisition was established in 1478 by Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, with papal approval. Unlike earlier inquisitions, it was state-controlled, serving both religious and political goals.

Its primary aims were to:

  • enforce Catholic orthodoxy

  • identify heresy

  • consolidate royal power

  • maintain religious unity

Though often associated with public executions, the Inquisition more commonly relied on surveillance, interrogation, censorship, and psychological pressure.


Why Mysticism Was Threatening

Mysticism emphasizes direct experience of God—visions, voices, ecstatic states, and inner transformation—often without the mediation of priests or sacraments.

To the Inquisition, this raised serious concerns:

  • Who validates spiritual truth?

  • What if divine authority bypasses the Church?

  • How can doctrine be enforced if God speaks directly to individuals?

Mystics undermined the Church’s role as sole interpreter of the divine.


Spain’s Unique Climate of Fear

Late medieval Spain was shaped by:

  • the Reconquista

  • forced conversions of Jews and Muslims

  • anxiety over religious purity (limpieza de sangre)

  • fear of hidden heresy

Converted Jews (conversos) and Muslims (moriscos) were closely monitored, and mystical practices—especially those resembling Jewish Kabbalah or Islamic Sufism—were suspect by association.


Alumbrados: The “Illuminated Ones”

One of the Inquisition’s primary mystical targets was a movement known as the Alumbrados (“the Illuminated”).

What Did the Alumbrados Believe?

They emphasized:

  • inner illumination

  • direct union with God

  • detachment from external ritual

  • passive contemplation

Some claimed that once united with God, they were beyond sin or moral law—a claim that alarmed authorities.


Why the Alumbrados Were Condemned

The Inquisition viewed these beliefs as:

  • antinomian (rejecting moral law)

  • dismissive of Church authority

  • potentially deceptive or demonic

Even when no heresy could be proven, mystical language itself was enough to provoke investigation.


Mysticism vs. Heresy: A Dangerous Blur

The Inquisition struggled to distinguish between:

  • genuine spiritual experience

  • mental illness

  • fraud

  • demonic deception

Mystical visions could easily be reinterpreted as diabolical illusions—especially when experienced by women.


Women Mystics Under Scrutiny

Female mystics were particularly vulnerable.

Women such as:

  • visionaries

  • ecstatic nuns

  • spiritual writers

were often accused of:

  • hysteria

  • pride

  • sexual immorality

  • deception

A woman claiming divine authority disrupted gendered expectations of obedience and silence.


Teresa of Ávila: A Narrow Escape

Teresa of Ávila, now a Catholic saint, was investigated during her lifetime.

Her visions, trances, and teachings on inner prayer attracted suspicion. She survived largely because she:

  • demonstrated humility

  • aligned herself carefully with doctrine

  • gained protection from influential clergy

Even so, her writings were examined line by line.

Her case shows how close mysticism came to condemnation—even at its most orthodox.


Censorship and Spiritual Control

The Inquisition tightly controlled religious expression through:

  • the Index of Forbidden Books

  • censorship of mystical texts

  • interrogation of spiritual teachers

Mystical writings were edited, suppressed, or banned if they emphasized inner authority too strongly.

The message was clear: God could be experienced—but only under supervision.


Mysticism and Converso Suspicion

Mystics of Jewish or Muslim descent faced heightened scrutiny.

Practices resembling:

  • Kabbalistic symbolism

  • contemplative silence

  • ecstatic prayer

were often interpreted as signs of secret heresy rather than devotion.

Mysticism became a marker of racialized suspicion.


Punishment Was Often Psychological

Not all mystics were executed.

More commonly, they faced:

  • forced recantations

  • spiritual isolation

  • bans on teaching or writing

  • lifelong surveillance

These punishments silenced voices without creating martyrs.


What the Inquisition Feared Most

The Inquisition did not fear God.

It feared:

  • unregulated spirituality

  • personal authority

  • inner freedom

  • experiences it could not classify or control

Mystics represented faith beyond fear—and that was intolerable.


The Long-Term Impact on Western Spirituality

The suppression of mysticism shaped Christianity by:

  • privileging doctrine over experience

  • discouraging visionary language

  • framing spirituality as obedience rather than transformation

Inner mysticism survived—but quietly, cautiously, and often underground.


Reevaluating the Mystics Today

Modern scholars recognize that many persecuted mystics were:

  • sincere seekers

  • theological innovators

  • psychologically complex but not heretical

  • threats to power, not faith

Their experiences expanded spiritual understanding—but at great personal cost.


Why This History Still Matters

The war on mystics reveals a recurring pattern:

  • institutions fear what they cannot regulate

  • personal experience threatens centralized authority

  • spirituality becomes dangerous when it empowers individuals

These tensions still exist today.


Final Thoughts

The Spanish Inquisition was not only a war against religious difference—it was a war against inner freedom.

Mystics were persecuted not for denying God, but for encountering Him too directly.

Their stories remind us that the most radical spiritual act is not rebellion—but listening inward when authority demands silence.



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About the Author: Alex Assoune


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